The Evolution of Possession: From Ant Colonies to Human Societies

Possession—the instinct to hold, control, and protect resources—is not just a human invention. It is a deep evolutionary trait that runs across the living world, shaping survival strategies from the tiniest ant colony to the most complex human civilization. Yet the way possession manifests in nature reveals a fascinating spectrum: some creatures live entirely for the collective, while others fight fiercely for individual gain.

The Collective Possession of Lower Organisms

Insects like ants, termites, and bees embody what we might call “communal possession”. No individual worker ant owns a piece of land, food, or even its own labor. Every effort is directed toward the colony—the true “organism” in this system. Evolutionarily, this makes sense:

• Their simple nervous systems limit independent decision-making.

• Strength in numbers is their greatest weapon, so survival depends on coordinated effort.

• The colony’s success is the only path to genetic continuity, since most individuals never reproduce.

This system resembles what we might call a natural communism: the sacrifice of the individual for the survival of the collective.

The Rise of Individual Possession in Higher Animals

Contrast this with higher animals—tigers defending a territory, eagles protecting a nesting site, dolphins competing for mates. Here we see personal and family-based possession emerge. The reasons are clear:

• Complex nervous systems give individuals more independence.

• Larger energy needs demand exclusive access to resources.

• Reproductive success favors those who can secure and defend private territory.

This resembles a natural capitalism: competition, exclusion, and private ownership of resources. The “strong” thrive, while the “weak” are pushed aside.

 Humans: The Balancing Act

Human beings occupy a unique middle ground. We inherit both instincts:

• Like ants, we form collective structures—nations, religions, armies, corporations—where individuals sacrifice for a larger cause.

• Like lions, we value private possession—family wealth, personal property, intellectual rights.

This duality explains why human history swings like a pendulum between two poles:

• Collectivism: the pull toward equality, shared wealth, and common goals.

• Individualism: the drive toward competition, innovation, and private gain.

Neither instinct alone defines us. Our societies are experiments in finding balance: how much of the “ant” should we keep, and how much of the “lion” should we unleash?

The Deeper Lesson

Possession, then, is not just about economics or politics—it is an evolutionary story. It is the way life organizes itself to survive. Some species thrive by sharing everything. Others flourish by competing for everything. Humanity’s challenge has always been to reconcile these two forces within a single species.

Perhaps our greatest strength lies not in choosing one side, but in holding both: the communal heart of the ant and the independent spirit of the lion.

Vincent